According to a new study from physicists at the University of Colorado Boulder, like corn kernels pop in a frying pan, tiny grains of dust may hop around on the surface of asteroids.

That popcorn-like effect may even help to tidy up smaller asteroids, causing them to lose dust and look rough and craggy from space.

The researchers published their results in the journal Nature Astronomy. Their findings may help scientists better understand how asteroids change shape over time—and how these bodies migrate through space, sometimes bringing them dangerously close to Earth, said Hsiang-Wen (Sean) Hsu, lead author of the study.

“The more fine-grained material, or regolith, these asteroids lose, the faster they migrate,” said Hsu, a research associate at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at CU Boulder.

The research began with a few curious photos.

In 2020, a NASA spacecraft named OSIRIS-REx travelled more than 1 billion miles to rendezvous with the asteroid (191055) Bennu, which is about as tall as the Empire State Building. But when the spacecraft arrived, scientists didn’t find what they were expecting: The asteroid’s surface looked like rough sandpaper, not smooth and dusty like researchers had predicted. There were even large boulders scattered over its exterior.

Now, Hsu and his colleagues have drawn on computer simulations, or models, and laboratory experiments to explore that puzzle. He said that forces akin to static electricity may be kicking the smallest grains of dust, some no bigger than a single bacterium, off the asteroid and into space–leaving only larger rocks behind.

Bennu isn’t alone, said study co-author Mihaly Horanyi.

“We’re realizing that these same physics are occurring on other airless bodies like the moon and even the rings of Saturn,” said Horanyi, a researcher at LASP and professor of physics at CU Boulder.

Bennu and Ryugu

Asteroids might look like they’re frozen in time, but these bodies evolve throughout their lifetimes.

Hsu explained that asteroids like Bennu are constantly spinning, which exposes their surfaces to sunlight, then shadow and sunlight again. That never-ending cycle of heating and cooling puts a strain on the largest rocks at the surface, until they inevitably crack.

“It’s happening every day, all the time,” Hsu said. “You wind up eroding a big piece of rock into smaller pieces.”

Which is why, before scientists arrived at Bennu, many were expecting to find it covered in smooth sand—a bit like how the moon looks today. Not long before, a Japanese space mission landed on a second small asteroid called Ryugu. The team found a similarly rough and craggy terrain. Hsu and his colleagues were suspicious.

Since the 1990s, researchers at LASP have used vacuum chambers in the lab to investigate the strange properties of dust in space, including a feat they call “electrostatic lofting.” Study co-lead author Xu Wang explained that as the sun’s rays bathe small grains of dust, they begin to pick up negative charges. Those charges will build until, suddenly, the particles burst apart, like two magnets repelling each other.

In some cases, those grains of dust can pop away at speeds of more than 20 miles per hour (or more than 8 meters per second).

“No one had ever considered this process on the surface of an asteroid before,” said Wang, a research associate at LASP.

Small asteroid, big asteroid

To do that, the researchers, including former CU Boulder undergraduate students Anthony Carroll and Noah Hood, ran a series of calculations examining the physics of regolith on two hypothetical asteroids. They tracked how dust might form, then hop around over hundreds of thousands of years. One of those faux asteroids was about a half-mile across (similar in size to Ryugu) and the second several miles wide (closer in diameter to big asteroids like Eros).

The size made a difference. According to the team’s estimates, when grains of dust jumped on the bigger asteroid, they couldn’t gain enough speed to break free of its gravity. The same wasn’t true on the smaller, Ryugu-like asteroid.

“The gravity on the smaller asteroid is so weak that it can’t hold back the escape,” Hsu said. “The fine-grained regolith will be lost.”

That lost dust, in turn, will expose the surface of the asteroids to even more erosion, leading to a boulder-rich scenery like scientists found on Ryugu and Bennu. Within several million years, in fact, the smaller asteroid was almost completely swept clean of fine dust. The Eros-like asteroid, however, stayed dusty.

Hsu noted that this scrubbing effect could help to give the orbits of small asteroids a nudge. He explained that asteroids migrate because the sun’s radiation pushes on them slowly over time. Based on previous research by other scientists, he suspects that asteroids covered in boulders may move faster than those with a dustier appearance.

He and his colleagues may soon get more proof to back up their calculations. In less than 3 months, a NASA mission called the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) will visit a pair of smaller asteroids—and Hsu will be watching to see how dusty they are.

“We will have new surface images to test our theory,” he said. “It’s nice for us, but also a little nerve-wracking.”